The Osage Nation (People of the Middle Waters) is a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Great Plains who historically dominated much of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, & Oklahoma. The tribe developed in the Ohio & Mississippi river valleys around 700 BC along with other groups of its language family. The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains. From their traditional homes in the woodlands of present-day Missouri & Arkansas, the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays into the Great Plains to the west. They also hunted deer, rabbit, & other wild game in the central & eastern parts of their domain. The women cultivated varieties of corn, squash, & other vegetables near their villages, which they processed for food. They also harvested & processed nuts & wild berries. In their years of transition, the Osage had cultural practices that had elements of the cultures of both Woodland Native Americans & the Great Plains peoples.They migrated west of the Mississippi after the 17C due to wars with Iroquois invading the Ohio Valley from New York & Pennsylvania in a search for new hunting grounds. The nations separated at that time, & the Osage settled near the confluence of the Missouri & the Mississippi rivers. Artist George Catlin (1796-1872) described the Osage as "the tallest race of men in North America, either red or white skins; there being...many of them 6 1/2 & others 7 feet." The missionary Isaac McCoy (1784-1846) described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation" & said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West"
In 1818, the artist George Catlin (1796–1872) was practicing law in Connecticut & Pennsylvania, but he abandoned his practice in 1821, to pursue painting Native Americans, a subject, "on which to devote a whole life-time of enthusiasm." Catlin based his entire body of work—including over 500 paintings done in the 1830s recounting his travels — following the Vanishing (Native) American, "In traversing the immense regions of the Classic West, the mind...gradually rises again into the proud & heroic elegance of savage society, in a state of pure & original nature, beyond the reach of civilized contamination...here, treachery & cruelty, are...restrained & frequently subdued by the noblest traits of honor & magnanimity, by a race of men who live & enjoy life & its luxuries, & practice its virtues, very far beyond the usual estimations of the world...From the first (colonial) settlements of our Atlantic coast to the present day, the...frontier has regularly crowded upon them, from the northern to the southern extremities of our country, &, like the fire in a mountain, which destroys every thing where it passes, it has blasted & sunk them, & all but their names, into oblivion, wherever it has traveled." Catlin traveled the frontier from 1830 to 1836, visiting 50 tribes west of the Mississippi, from present-day North Dakota to Oklahoma, creating a visual & narrative record of Native American life. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act began a 12-year campaign to remove the remaining Indians from their ancient homelands east of the Mississippi. Within a few years, many Native Americans would be decimated by starvation & disease; within a few decades, the number of buffalo would drop from millions to a few thousand, & the Native Americans' high prairies would be crosshatched by the plow & the railroad. Catlin produced 2 major collections of paintings of American Indians & published a series of books chronicling his travels among the native peoples of North, Central, & South America.
