The early 1600s saw the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North America. Spanning more than three centuries & from one coast of north America to the other, this movement grew from a trickle of a few hundred English colonists to a flood of millions of newcomers. Impelled by powerful & diverse motivations, they built a new civilization on the northern part of the continent.
The first English immigrants to what is now the United States crossed the Atlantic long after thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, & South America. Like all early travelers to the New World, they came in small, overcrowded ships. During their six-to 12-week voyages, they lived on meager rations. Many died of disease, ships were often battered by storms, & some were lost at sea.
Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression; to seek the freedom to practice their religion; to start a new life after a brush with the law; or to find economic or personal opportunities denied them at home. Between 1620 & 1635, economic difficulties swept England. Many people could not find work. Even skilled artisans could earn little more than a bare living. Poor crop yields added to the distress. In addition, the Commercial Revolution had created a burgeoning textile industry, which demanded an ever-increasing supply of wool to keep the looms running. Landlords enclosed farmlands & evicted the peasants in favor of sheep cultivation. Colonial expansion became an outlet for this displaced peasant population.
The colonists' first glimpse of the new land was a vista of dense woods. The settlers might not have survived had it not been for the help of friendly Indians, who taught them how to grow native plants – pumpkin, squash, beans, & corn. In addition, the vast, virgin forests, extending nearly 2,100 kilometers along the Eastern seaboard, proved a rich source of game & firewood. They also provided abundant raw materials used to build houses, furniture, ships, & profitable items for the newcomers export.
Although the new continent was remarkably endowed by nature, trade with Europe was vital for articles the settlers could not produce. The coasts served the immigrants well. The whole length of shorelines provided many inlets & harbors. Only two areas on the East Coast – North Carolina & southern New Jersey – lacked harbors for ocean-going vessels.
Majestic rivers – the Kennebec, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, & numerous others – linked lands between the coast & the Appalachian Mountains with the sea. Only one river, however, the St. Lawrence – dominated by the French in Canada – offered a water passage to the Great Lakes & the heart of the continent. Dense forests, the resistance of some Indian tribes, & the formidable barrier of the Appalachian Mountains discouraged settlement beyond the coastal plain. Only trappers & traders ventured into the wilderness. For the first hundred years the colonists built their settlements compactly along the coast.
Political considerations influenced many people to move to America. In the 1630s, arbitrary rule by England's Charles I gave impetus to the migration. The subsequent revolt & triumph of Charles' opponents under Oliver Cromwell in the 1640s led many cavaliers – "king's men" – to cast their lot in Virginia. In the German-speaking regions of Europe, the oppressive policies of various petty princes – particularly with regard to religion – & the devastation caused by a long series of wars helped swell the movement to America in the late 17th & 18th centuries.
The journey entailed careful planning & management, as well as considerable expense & risk. Settlers had to be transported nearly 5,000 kilometers across the Atlantic. They needed utensils, clothing, seed, tools, building materials, livestock, arms, & ammunition. In contrast to the colonization policies of other countries & other periods, the emigration from England was not directly sponsored by the government but by private groups of individuals whose chief motive was profit.
